Studying bacterial shape, cell wall, size, …. & so on, need to scope the bacteria under a microscope. But you can not see any cells unless staining these cells, imagine that as a glass cup (cell) in front of whiteboard (microscope field), you cannot see this cup unless pouring a stain inside it. that is the same with bacterial staining and these cups (cell) differ in staining technique according to the aim of the study as simple stain, gram stain, spore stain, …. and so on.

About gram stain: depending on bacterial cell wall composition, the ability of bacteria to accept crystal violet with iodine to be gram-positive or not. Dividing bacteria into gram-positive or gram-negative is very important in bacterial taxonomy, also in determining the type of antibacterial treatment with diseases.

For spore stain: bacteria form spores as a preservation tool for life when exposed to environmental harsh conditions such as high temperature, radiation, acidity, salinity, drought, …., and so on. Also, spores are forming within a stationary phase during bacterial growth. So it is necessary to detect spore-forming bacteria in foods & dairy products to prevent spoilage through shelf life.

This practice course is helpful for all medical and Genetic engineering students in their Microbiology course (Bachelors as well as Masters), Doctors, Microbiologists, and anyone who is interested in evaluating their knowledge and/or learning newer things.

The syllabus covered detail study about :

 Microorganisms
 The Morphology of bacteria
 Cultivation of bacteria
 Reproduction and Growth
 Pure Cultures and Characteristics
 Microbial Metabolism
 Energy and Biosynthesis
 The World of Bacteria
 Molds and Yeasts
 Algae & Protozoa
 Viruses of Bacteria
 Viruses of Animals and Plants
 The Control of Microorganisms
 Antibiotics and Chemotherapeutic Agents
 Soil & Aquatic Microbiology
 Microbiology of Water and Food
 Microbiology & Bacterial Genetics
 Host-Microbe Interactions
 Bacteria & Viruses
 Fungi and Protozoa

Who this course is for:

• Microbiologists

• quality control

• lab technician

• researcher

• faculty of science

• faculty of agriculture

• Biotechnologist