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• In this course students will learn exactly what they need to know for their biology exams. Students will learn about:
• Understand that the genome is the entire DNA of an organism and that a gene is a section of a molecule of DNA that codes for a specific protein
• Understand that the nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes on which genes are located
• Describe a DNA molecule as two strands coiled to form a double helix, the strands being linked by a series of paired bases: adenine (A) with thymine (T), and cy
• Understand that an RNA molecule is single stranded and contains uracil (U) instead of thymine (T)
• Describe the stages of protein synthesis including transcription and translation, including the role of mRNA, ribosomes, tRNA, codons and anticodons
• Understand how genes exist in alternative forms called alleles which give rise to differences in inherited characteristics
• Understand the meaning of the terms: dominant, recessive, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, and genotype
• Understand the meaning of the term codominance
• Understand that most phenotypic features are the result of polygenic inheritance rather than single genes
• Describe patterns of monohybrid inheritance using a genetic diagram
• Understand how to interpret family pedigrees
• Predict probabilities of outcomes from monohybrid crosses
• Understand how the sex of a person is controlled by one pair of chromosomes, XX in a female and XY in a male
• Describe the determination of the sex of offspring at fertilisation, using a genetic diagram
• Understand how division of a diploid cell by mitosis produces two cells that contain identical sets of chromosomes
• Understand that mitosis occurs during growth, repair, cloning and asexual reproduction
• Understand how division of a cell by meiosis produces four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes, and that this results in the formation of geneticall
• Understand how random fertilisation produces genetic variation of offspring
• Know that in human cells the diploid number of chromosomes is 46 and the haploid number is 23
• Understand that variation within a species can be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both
• Understand that mutation is a rare, random change in genetic material that can be inherited
• Understand how a change in DNA can affect the phenotype by altering the sequence of amino acids in a protein
• Understand how most genetic mutations have no effect on the phenotype, some have a small effect and rarely do they have a significant effect
• Understand that the incidence of mutations can be increased by exposure to ionising radiation (for example, gamma rays, x-rays and ultraviolet rays) and some ch
• Explain Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection
• Understand how resistance to antibiotics can increase in bacterial populations, and appreciate how such an increase can lead to infections being difficult to co
• Understand the differences between sexual and asexual reproduction
• Understand that fertilisation involves the fusion of a male and female gamete to produce a zygote that undergoes cell division and develops into an embryo
• Describe the structures of an insect-pollinated and a wind-pollinated flower and explain how each is adapted for pollination
• Understand that the growth of the pollen tube followed by fertilisation leads to seed and fruit formation
• Understand how germinating seeds utilise food reserves until the seedling can carry out photosynthesis
• Understand that plants can reproduce asexually by natural methods (illustrated by runners) and by artificial methods (illustrated by cuttings)
• Understand how the structure of the male and female reproductive systems are adapted for their functions
• Understand the roles of oestrogen and progesterone in the menstrual cycle
• Understand the roles of FSH and LH in the menstrual cycle
• Describe the role of the placenta in the nutrition of the developing embryo
• Understand how the developing embryo is protected by amniotic fluid
• Understand the roles of oestrogen and testosterone in the development of secondary sexual characteristics